Guest Articles

Tuesday
April 28
2020

Jill Lagos Shemin / James Dailey

The Informal Economy is Complicating Government Responses to COVID-19: Will the Crisis Push Millions Toward Formality?

As COVID-19 spreads in countries around the world, governments have already started to address the economic and livelihood challenges posed by the constraints the pandemic has put on behavior and employment. Wealthier OECD countries are designing economic support measures to target the backbone of most economies – the tens of thousands to millions of small businesses. These efforts intend to provide a lifeboat to help businesses survive the coming months, and importantly, to continue to pay their employees as normal economic life slows down at a disastrous pace. The U.S. has a congressional coronavirus relief fund for small businesses. The Australian government has put into place a series of measures that are mostly targeting small and medium enterprises (SMEs) with a turnover of less than $50 million, which include stimulus payments and measures such as a tax credit to boost cash flow for employers. The European Investment Bank announced a €25 billion fund especially aimed at SMEs, with the goal of slowing down job losses. 

These measures will help cushion the impact of COVID-19 on employment in wealthier areas. But what about lower-income countries? As a recent Oxfam report noted, 500 million people – largely in developing countries – could be pushed into poverty during this pandemic. And efforts to support the SMEs that drive employment in these countries are complicated by the unique nature of these businesses.

 

The Challenges of Informality 

According to the International Labour Organization, 93% of the world’s informal employment is in emerging countries. In Africa alone, over 85% of employment is informal. Developing nations across Africa are also attempting to provide economic support packages targeting their SMEs, but this informality makes it difficult. Many small businesses – from micro-enterprises which operate as traders, to small restaurant businesses, for example – have no incorporation and no listed employees with bank accounts. 

This presents developing nations with a vexing challenge: determining what mechanisms can quickly deploy economic support to these informal businesses and individuals, and what methods can target them effectively. This challenge threatens to reduce the effectiveness of the measures currently being put into place. For instance, in March, Ghana announced a 1 billion cedi stimulus package (~$173 million USD) for households and businesses, particularly SMEs. But it includes measures like extending the tax filing date and reducing the central bank interest rate. That sounds fine for the formalized, but likely won’t mean much to the countless informal enterprises that don’t pay taxes or access formal finance, which comprise the vast majority of the economy. 

In many developing nations, there are disincentives for businesses to become formalized, in terms of cost, time and risk. Where there is corruption at many levels of government, weak rule of law, and cumbersome and unclear taxation rules, formality can feel unnecessary – not to mention risky. For many business owners, formalizing their enterprise means paying various random taxes demanded by obscure government offices (while seeing no reliable public benefits) – or being asked to pay a bribe to be left alone.

Further complicating this picture, there is also informality at the individual level: poor and weak identification systems that omit large populations in many emerging countries. According to the 2018 Global ID4D Dataset, an estimated 1 billion people lack a foundational ID, and 50% of them live in Africa. And among those below the national ID age, 47% don’t even have birth registration. This lack of formal ID is greatly complicating efforts to deliver economic relief, in countries around the world.

 

Digital Payment Systems in Developing Nations

Payment systems are the distribution end of financial assistance, and speed and efficiency are of paramount importance in leveraging these systems to address a crisis like COVID-19. Digital payments platforms have proven to be extremely effective in allowing people to buy items and make and receive payments at a distance, without any physical presence or cash – something that is increasingly essential in this age of social distancing. These platforms have begun scaling in many emerging markets, and beyond rapid digital payments, they offer basic account functionality – particularly important in countries where 60-80% of people often do not have a traditional bank account. These digital accounts already serve as a destination for government benefit and income support payments, in countries from Senegal to India. 

There has been plenty written about mobile money and digital payments, and how they can be – and need to be – leveraged right now. Yet as the pandemic progresses, gaps and challenges in the payments and banking systems are becoming visible in many countries – often driven by the lack of formal ID and the required Know-Your-Customer registration processes. Without effective identification, payments cannot be effectively targeted or delivered to the individuals or SMEs that need them – and it’s almost impossible to confirm that these payments have reached their intended target. Unless these payment system gaps are addressed, inequality will only be exacerbated, worsening an already-grave economic crisis. 

In countries where a huge proportion of small and micro-businesses are informal, direct government-to-person (G2P) transfers will make the biggest impact. During a pandemic when delivery systems are stressed, investing in or fast-tracking digital G2P payment systems can be vital. Governments in these countries are focusing on scaling up payment and account systems that can be provided rapidly at very low cost – including to the informal economy. Even with the large gaps in identification systems, some governments are not hesitating at all in their efforts to quickly deploy economic support to the entire population. For instance, Togo has set up a cash grant designed to support informal workers during the three months of state-mandated social distancing – an unconditional cash transfer grant that gives each worker 30% of the minimum wage. The aim is to help beneficiaries pay for basic daily necessities such as food, sanitation and communication, to cushion them from the full economic impact of COVID-19 distancing. Citizens sign up via mobile phone, and the transfer is delivered by mobile money. Similarly, in Pakistan, poorer citizens may now use their mobile phone to enroll in an emergency support program run by the newly created Ministry of Social Protection and Poverty Alleviation, with payments transferred digitally and linked to biometric identity. And Jeffrey Bower, founder of Bower & Partners, a consulting firm that designed Peru’s interoperable payment switch, reports that the switch is being used to pay a COVID-19 subsidy to 50% of Peruvians. 

To expand on these types of initiatives, African governments and their partners need to find mechanisms – or improvise them if necessary – to extend support payments to their populations and small businesses, to help them make it through the COVID-19 crisis. If they don’t, they risk losing the progress their economies have made over the past decade – along with potential threatening outcomes; civil unrest, loss of community trust, and the spread of disease and death. 

 

Accepting Trade-Offs in Expanding Payments

In addressing this challenge, policy makers and regulators are likely to find themselves at a crucial crossroads. They’ll need to make key decisions about how their digital payments infrastructures will develop during a time of population-wide economic displacement, when rolling this infrastructure out is a matter of imminent urgency. These decisions will involve some trade-offs. Governments and their development partners may need to seek solutions that work today, and that can be deployed quickly and at a large scale – even if they’re not necessarily deployed perfectly or competitively – and even if some payments don’t reach their intended targets. In evaluating these trade-offs, governments will have to answer a number of questions: 

  • Do they continue with existing plans to modernize their infrastructure over time, or do they try to take fast actions now to engineer both the payments and account infrastructure long missing in their economies? 
  • How much permanence will these fast-action decisions engrain, or risk engraining, in their infrastructure over the longer term? 
  • How much should these systems be engineered to serve broader financial inclusion and Sustainable Development goals – versus simply focusing on rapid deployment at all cost? 
  • Can business and development sector partners supply technical assistance quickly enough to support governments in these efforts, allowing them to design systems with enough data protection, and with linkages for formalization later? 
  • Should emergency “Know-Your-Customer” rules be promulgated globally with a “zero tier” that would ensure everyone can be identified for support payments? 
  • Going further, should contact tracing for COVID-19, inevitably leveraging device proximity tracking (i.e.: where you were, who you were in proximity to, who was infected), make use of the same low-level identification? If so, would stronger privacy and consumer protection controls be needed? 

When it comes to formal ID, even though weak identification systems are the norm in many of these countries, targeting for aid is different than identity. So one trade-off may be a lower level of confidence that the aid is reaching its intended target. However, that targeting can be improved later, as subsequent transfers can require authentication and then verification. With digital payment systems, there is even the possibility of creating digital identities by triangulating identification from various sources (e.g., social media, voter cards, mobile numbers). With more usage over time, that identity can then be better authenticated.

For countries that have less robust – or nearly non-existent – scaled digital payments and mobile wallet systems, governments will have an additional trade-off presented to them, as they may need to turn to foreign companies to help them deploy a workable system at scale – a move they may be hesitant to make. If this proves to be necessary, these governments should keep in mind that experimenting with lesser-known entities (like a start-up or minor digital finance provider), unproven technologies (like cryptocurrencies), and partners with limited competencies could make the situation worse, eroding whatever trust they may have among the population. Local innovation and iteration is important, but so is going with a trusted skill set and solution. Countries need proven expertise more than ever in anxious and urgent times. Trust, especially trust in institutions, is made more tenuous in a time of unprecedented global crisis.

As they formulate their approaches to scaling up digital payments, governments need to prioritize their short-term critical needs, while keeping in mind their longer-term needs for lasting economic recovery, broader identification and financial inclusion. There will be strengths and weaknesses to any approach, and less-than-ideal solutions can be improved over time. But under the current circumstances, they cannot afford to let the perfect become the enemy of the good. It’s time for governments across emerging markets to begin these conversations and start making decisions – if they haven’t already.

 

Jill Lagos Shemin is a global development professional currently based in West Africa.

James Dailey is the founder of Mifos Initiative.

 

Photo courtesy of Ryan Brown / UN Women.

 


 

 

Categories
Coronavirus, Finance
Tags
COVID-19, digital finance, digital identity, digital inclusion, digital payments, financial inclusion, fintech, global development, public policy